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Acids and Bases ¹
This page provides info on how to dilute and prepare 1 molar (1M) solutions of acids, bases, and ammonia.
CONCENTRATED ACIDS
| Acids |
Molarity |
Percent |
S.G. |
To make 1M soln |
Acetic acid
MW=60.05 |
17.4M |
99% |
1.05 |
58 mls / liter |
HCl
MW=36.46 |
11.6M |
36% |
1.18 |
Use 86 mls / lliter |
Nitric acid
MW=63.01 |
16.4M |
69% |
1.42 |
61 mls / liter |
H2SO4
MW=98.07 |
17.6M
36N |
95% |
1.84 |
56 mls / liter(1M)
28 mls / liter (1N) |
Ammonia soln
MW=35.05 |
14.5M
15N |
28% |
0.88 |
Use 71 mls / liter (1M) |
| Hydrobromic acid |
9 N |
48% |
1.49 |
11.1 mls /liter (1M) |
Hydrofluoric acid
MW=20.01 |
27M |
48% |
1.29 |
37 mls /liter (1M) |
| Hydriodic acid |
7M |
57% |
1.70 |
143 mls /liter (1M) |
Perchloric acid
MW=100.46 |
11.7M
9.5M |
70%
61% |
1.71
1.66 |
85.5mls /liter (1M)
106 mls /liter (1M) |
Phosphoric acid
MW=97.99 |
45N
15M |
88% |
1.69 |
22.5 mls /liter (1N)
68 mls /liter (1M) |
DILUTE ACIDS
Acetic Acid
Dilute 116 mls.of the concentrated acid to 1 litre of water. (2M)
Hydrochloric Acid
Dilute 172 mls. of the concentrated acid to 1 litre with water.(2M)
Nitric Acid
Dilute 122mls. of the concentrated acid to 1 liter with water. (2M)
Sulphuric Acid
Pour 56 mls.of the concentrated acid slowly and with constant stirring into about 500mls. of water, cool, and dilute to 1 litre. (1M)
Sulphurous Acid
Prepare a saturated solution of SO2 in water. 6-7% by weght.
DILUTE BASES
Ammonia solution conc.
The commercial product, S.G. 0.88 contains about 28% NH3. (15N)
Ammonia solution dilute
Dilute 335 ml of the commercial solution to 1 liter (5N)
Barium hydroxide
Shake 70 gms. of crystalised salt in 1 liter of water. Filter or siphon off the liquid , and protect from CO2 of the air 0.2M
Calcium hydroxide
Shake 2-3 gms. of calcium hydroxide with 1 liter of water. Filter or siphon off liquid, and protest from CO2 of the air. 0.02M
Potassium hydroxide
Dissolve 112 gms. of KOH pellets in water , and dilute to 1 liter. (2M)
Sodium hydroxide
Dissolve 200 gm pellets in water and dilute to 1 liter. (5M)
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Concentrated Bases ²
Concentrated bases or alkalis are sold as w/w % solutions and labelled Concentrated
Reagent.
Table below give info on three commonly used bases.
| Concentrated Reagent |
Molarity |
Percent |
S.G. |
To make 1M soln |
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
MW=35.05 |
14.5M |
28% NH3 |
0.88 |
69.0 mls / liter |
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
MW=40 |
19.4M |
50% |
1.54 |
51.5 mls / lliter |
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
MW=56.12 |
11.7M |
45% |
1.46 |
85.5 mls / liter |
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References:
1. A.I. Vogel "Textbook of Inorganic Quantitatiuve Analysis" 3rd. Ed., Longman (1961). (Appendix)
2. J. T. Baker Chemical Company.
delloyd.50megs.com
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Signature: Dhanlal De Lloyd, Chem. Dept, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine campus
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
Copyright: delloyd2000© All rights reserved.
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