Concentrated acids, sodium hydroxide and ammonia

Concentrated acids, sodium hydroxide and ammonia ¹

This page provides info on how to dilute and prepare 1 molar (1M) stock solutions of acids, bases, and ammonia. Quantities used are approximate and acceptable for practical qualitative analysis. (hygroscopic, volatile, and adsorption sites on container)

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CONCENTRATED ACIDS

Acids Molarity Percent S.G. To make 1M soln

Acetic acid
MW=60.05 17.4M 99% 1.05 58 mls / liter

HCl
MW=36.46 11.6M 36% 1.18 Use 86 mls / lliter

Nitric acid
MW=63.01 16.4M 69% 1.42 61 mls / liter

H₂SO₄
MW=98.07 17.6M
36N 95% 1.84 56 mls / liter(1M)
28 mls / liter (1N)

Ammonia soln
MW=35.05 14.5M 28% 0.88 69 mls / liter (1M)
Use 71 mls / liter (1M)

Hydrobromic acid 9 N 48% 1.49 111 mls /liter (1M)

Hydrofluoric acid
MW=20.01 27M 48% 1.29 37 mls /liter (1M)

Hydriodic acid 7M 57% 1.70 143 mls /liter (1M)

Perchloric acid
MW=100.46 11.7M
9.5M 70%
61% 1.71
1.66 85.5mls /liter (1M)
106 mls /liter (1M)

Phosphoric acid
MW=97.99 45N
15M 88% 1.69 22.5 mls /liter (1N)
68 mls /liter (1M)

DILUTE ACIDS

Acetic Acid
Dilute 116 mls.of the concentrated acid to 1 litre of water. (2M)
Hydrochloric Acid
Dilute 172 mls. of the concentrated acid to 1 litre with water.(2M)
Nitric Acid
Dilute 122mls. of the concentrated acid to 1 liter with water. (2M)
Sulphuric Acid
Pour 56 mls.of the concentrated acid slowly and with constant stirring into about 500mls. of water, cool, and dilute to 1 litre. (1M)
Sulphurous Acid
Prepare a saturated solution of SO₂ in water. 6-7% by weght.

DILUTE BASES

Ammonia solution conc.
The commercial product, S.G. 0.88 contains about 28% NH₃. (15N)
Ammonia solution dilute
Dilute 335 ml of the commercial solution to 1 liter (5N)
Barium hydroxide
Shake 70 gms. of crystalised salt in 1 liter of water. Filter or siphon off the liquid , and protect from CO₂ of the air 0.2M
Calcium hydroxide
Shake 2-3 gms. of calcium hydroxide with 1 liter of water. Filter or siphon off liquid, and protest from CO₂ of the air. 0.02M
Potassium hydroxide
Dissolve 112 gms. of KOH pellets in water , and dilute to 1 liter. (2M)
Sodium hydroxide
Dissolve 200 gm pellets in water and dilute to 1 liter. (5M)

CONCCENTRATED BASES ²

Concentrated bases or alkalis are sold as w/w % solutions and labelled Concentrated Reagent.
Table below give info on three commonly used bases.

Concentrated Reagent Molarity Percent S.G. To make 1M soln

Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH)
MW=35.05 14.5M 28% NH3 0.88 69.0 mls / liter

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
MW=40 19.4M 50% 1.54 51.5 mls / lliter

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
MW=56.12 11.7M 45% 1.46 85.5 mls / liter

References:

1. A.I. Vogel "Textbook of Inorganic Quantitatiuve Analysis" 3rd. Ed., Longman (1961). (Appendix)
2. J. T. Baker Chemical Company.

delloyd.50megs.com

Acids	Molarity	Percent	S.G.	To make 1M soln
Acetic acid MW=60.05	17.4M	99%	1.05	58 mls / liter
HCl MW=36.46	11.6M	36%	1.18	Use 86 mls / lliter
Nitric acid MW=63.01	16.4M	69%	1.42	61 mls / liter
H₂SO₄ MW=98.07	17.6M 36N	95%	1.84	56 mls / liter(1M) 28 mls / liter (1N)
Ammonia soln MW=35.05	14.5M	28%	0.88	69 mls / liter (1M) Use 71 mls / liter (1M)
Hydrobromic acid	9 N	48%	1.49	111 mls /liter (1M)
Hydrofluoric acid MW=20.01	27M	48%	1.29	37 mls /liter (1M)
Hydriodic acid	7M	57%	1.70	143 mls /liter (1M)
Perchloric acid MW=100.46	11.7M 9.5M	70% 61%	1.71 1.66	85.5mls /liter (1M) 106 mls /liter (1M)
Phosphoric acid MW=97.99	45N 15M	88%	1.69	22.5 mls /liter (1N) 68 mls /liter (1M)

Concentrated Reagent	Molarity	Percent	S.G.	To make 1M soln
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) MW=35.05	14.5M	28% NH3	0.88	69.0 mls / liter
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) MW=40	19.4M	50%	1.54	51.5 mls / lliter
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) MW=56.12	11.7M	45%	1.46	85.5 mls / liter