Related links:
The EM SpectrumDevelopment of Spectroscopy instrumentaion.
Spectroscopy use the energy of Electromagnetic Radiation to study matter. Analytical techniques include computer and fiber optics to extend the use of "chemometrics" procedures to build new spectrometers and spectrophotometers - with applications in the field of chemistry and the sciences. Manufacturers harness the interactions of Electromagnetic radiation to separate waves of different frequencies so that the radiation can be measured as a function of frequency or wavelength.
Spectral range and electron transitions
Instrumentation
TypeRadiation Source Frequency Range (Hz) Wavelength Range Type of Transitions gamma rays 1020 - 1024 <10-12 m nuclear X-rays 1017 - 1020 0.01nm - 10nm (1 pico meter) inner electron ultraviolet deuterium lamp 1015 - 1017 400 nm - 1 nm outer electron. Electronic transitions, vibrational fine structure visible Tungsten lamp 4 - 7.5 x 1014 750 nm - 400 nm near-infrared Tungsten, dye laser 1 x 1014 - 4 x 1014 2500 nm - 750 nm (2.5 um - 750 nm) outer electron molecular vibrations. Vibrational transitions, rotational fine structure infrared nerst glower, globar, Xe,Ar, discharge lamp 1013 - 1014 250,000 - 2,500 nm (25um - 2.5 um) outer electron, molecular vibrations. Vibrational transitions, rotational fine structure microwaves 3 x 1011 - 1013 250,000 - 1,000,000,000 nm (1 mm - 25 um) molecular rotations,electron spin flips*, Rotational transitions radio waves <3 x 1011 >1 mm nuclear spin flips* * energy levels split by a magnetic field.
The Colors of Visible Radiation ¹
Wavelength Range nm Color seen by Instrument
Absorption colorColor seen by Human Eye
Complement color400 - 465 Violet Yellowish green 465 - 482 Blue Yellow 482 - 487 Greenish blue Orange 487 - 493 Blue green Red orange 493 - 498 Bluish green Red 498 - 530 Green Red purple 530 - 559 Yellowish green Reddish purple 559 - 571 Yellow green Purple 571 - 576 Greenish yellow Violet 576 - 580 Yellow Blue 580 - 587 Yellowish orange Blue 587 - 597 Orange Greenish blue 597 - 617 Reddish orange Blue green 617 - 780 Red Blue green Applications with Electromagnetic Radiation
These applications consist of all frequencies from low-frequency Radio waves to high energy Gamma rays.
These waves cover technology from communications to Space Exploration.
There is no division between different types of waves. it is a continuous spectrum that blends seamlessly into one another. The wavelengths and frequencies are inversely related to each other.
Electromagnetic waves show wave-like and particle-like properties known as wave particle duality.
Medical imaging x-rays and MRI. Hospitals - look at bones and organs in human body.
Communications Transmit data - radio/TV broadcasting, statellite, internet.
Solar Light from sun - electricity, reduce carbon emissions.
Food processing preserve food - safety and shelf-life. Microwave - cooking.
Forensic analysis - crime fighting.UV light - see blood, finger prints,, law enforcement.
Weather forecasting Meteorology - radar, statellites.
healthcare sterilization by gamma ray and UV light,
Nigh vision Infrared het detector devices.
Non-destructive testing - UV Fluorescence - electromagnetic induction - fiaws in metal structures, cracks and leaks on surfaces.
Art restoration IR and x ray.
Pest control electromagnetic waves target pests without chemicals.
Space exploration radio transmitter between space craft and earth.IR telescopes.
Reference:
1. "Analytical Absorption Spectroscopy", D.B. Judd; M.G. Melon (Ed.)
Chap. 9, Wiley, New York.Email About HOME Copyright Disclaimer
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